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Bladder cancer arises from the lining (urothelium) of the urinary bladder and is one of the most common cancers of the urinary tract. It usually presents with painless blood in the urine (hematuria), which may appear intermittently. Other symptoms can include urinary urgency, burning sensation, or pelvic discomfort. Smoking is the most significant risk factor, as it exposes the bladder to harmful chemicals excreted in urine. Early detection through urine tests, cystoscopy, and imaging greatly improves treatment outcomes. Depending on the stage, treatment may include endoscopic tumor removal (TURBT), intravesical therapy, or radical cystectomy in advanced cases.

• Origin: Develops from the inner lining of the bladder (urothelial cells).
• Major Risk Factor: Cigarette smoking and exposure to industrial chemicals.
• Main Symptom: Painless visible blood in urine (hematuria).
• Diagnosis: Confirmed through cystoscopy, urine cytology, and imaging (CT/MRI).
• Treatment: TURBT for early stages; intravesical therapy, surgery, or chemotherapy for advanced disease.